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hi welcome to the international space

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station flight control room it's been a

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busy day today and we're very very happy

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to be here for uh

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talking to some of our

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students that are actually out here at

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nasa johnson space student space center

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they are the high school aerospace

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scholars and also the pre-service

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teachers today we're going to be talking

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about a very very popular topic

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it's one of the letters of the alphabet

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lmnop

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so today i have our guest

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julie mitchell she is the project

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engineer of the water recovery system

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welcome julie and thank you for coming

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thank you very much for having me all

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right well with that let's get going

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do we have our first question samantha

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yes hi my name is samantha and i'm with

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psti i was wondering if astronauts need

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antibiotics in space how would they be

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administered

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hi samantha um

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in terms of any kind of medicine that

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the astronauts need when they're in

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space

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they actually have a medical kit that

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they bring up with them and they

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actually have medicine stored on the

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space station so if they ever get sick

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they can actually

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use that stockpile of medicine that they

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have on orbit now if something were to

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come up where the astronauts were very

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very sick and the medicine that they had

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on orbit wouldn't work there is the

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option of bringing the crew members down

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for them to receive medical treatment on

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earth but they do have

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quite a bit of medicine on orbit

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to help them if they ever get sick

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hi my name is lauren and i was wondering

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how does an

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astronaut keep safe from pathogens and

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bacteria while in space

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that's a really good question

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before the astronauts go up into space

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they actually are quarantined for a

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certain period of time i believe it's a

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week or two weeks

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and that way before they even go into

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space they've already been isolated from

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a lot of the bacteria and a lot of the

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pathogens that might make them sick when

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they're here on earth so that way they

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don't carry those bugs up with them into

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space

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clean

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they actually do a lot of disinfection

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of different surfaces on orbit they have

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filters that filter the air and just to

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make sure they actually have different

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microbial monitoring kits that they use

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to check for any bacteria any pathogens

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that might be floating around in the air

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they check different surfaces to see if

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they have any growth on those surfaces

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and they also check all the different

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hardware where they might get water or

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where their food might touch to make

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sure that they don't have any

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harmful bacteria or any pathogens

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growing on those surfaces as well and so

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far there haven't been any issues in

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that regard so it's a good thing

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a very good question do we have another

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hi my name is alexandra daglio from psti

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i was wondering what's the most

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complicated project you've ever worked

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on

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um we do a lot of complicated projects

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so the area i work in is actually

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advanced water recovery systems

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technology development and so we

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actually do the next generation of water

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recycling technologies for space flight

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so right now we have a distillation

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system that we use on the space station

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but

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the work that i do actually looks at

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what we're going to do next and if there

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are other technologies that might work

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better once we're on a planetary surface

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for instance so the most complicated

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project i would say is actually one that

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i'm working on right now and it's called

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the alternative water processor and what

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it does is it actually combines a

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biological water processor in a membrane

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system

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to get the water from waste water to

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potable and so the way that biological

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water processor works is we actually

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have specific species of bacteria that

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actually feed off of the contaminants

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that you find in wastewater so they feed

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off of the urea that you find in urine

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they feed off of the surfactants that

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you find in soap and gray water and so

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those bacteria

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are specially selected so that they can

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actually convert those contaminants into

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nitrogen gas carbon dioxide and water

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which is like

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excellent for space flight

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downstream of that we have a membrane

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system that deals with all the inorganic

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so all the salts that you have in your

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urine like calcium sodium sulfates

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phosphates that kind of thing those

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things get removed by the membrane

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system and so

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what comes out of that system we're

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expecting uh will be water that's nearly

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potable and so that's an incredibly

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large complex piece of hardware our

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entire team is working on it and so um

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it's it's very complex but it's also

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very exciting as well

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hi my name is stephanie carroll and i'm

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from psti program and my question is

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what is the process of pre-treating

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urine

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that's a really good question um

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so when

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let me step back a little bit and

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explain why we pre-treat urine so

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when a astronaut urine urinates

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in space

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we don't necessarily get to recycle the

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water from that urine immediately and so

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sometimes that urine can sit around for

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a couple of days up to a couple of weeks

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and so what we want to do is we want to

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make sure that that urine doesn't break

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down chemically

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because when it breaks down it can

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produce

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toxic gases like ammonia gas that you

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don't want building up on your

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spacecraft

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also we don't want microbial growth on

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the spacecraft so if you've ever put a

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piece of pizza or something in your

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fridge and you let it sit there for a

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long time and you get a piece of you

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know a big mold growing on the surface

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of it

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that's the kind of thing we want to

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avoid on the space station if you

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imagine a big

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fungal mat or a piece of mold in a tube

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that's about this big around

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it can get clogged very quickly and so

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that can actually damage the hardware to

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the point where we can't recycle water

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so we pre-treat the urine to prevent the

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chemical breakdown of the urine and to

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inhibit microbial growth so

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the pre-treatment process is actually

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pretty straightforward we have a tank

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that's filled with the pre-treatment

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fluid which is about the most

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one of the most powerful disinfectants

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that you can have

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it's a mixture of sulfuric acid and

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chromic acid so you don't want to get

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this on your skin you don't want to

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drink it the astronauts don't drink it

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but we put it in the urine to prevent

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microbial growth until we can extract

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the water from that urine and so we have

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a tank full of that fluid and whenever

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an astronaut urinates a certain amount

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of that fluid is injected into the urine

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each time and then it goes into the

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storage tank um to wait until it's

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processed

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very good question and that was a

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fascinating answer and i bet none of you

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have ever seen the moldy pizza in your

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fridge

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next question

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hi my name is whitney my question is how

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is the urine contained until it's

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processed from the time it leaves the

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astronaut to when it is

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uh that's a good question actually

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so when the astronaut urinates there is

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a fan that actually sucks the urine down

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through the tube

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where the astronaut urinates and that

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goes through

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a separator that removes the gas from

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the urine and then it goes into a

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storage tank and depending on

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how much urine we've collected

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that tank

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will actually

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feed urine into our water processing

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hardware and so

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like i mentioned before that tank that

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water uh the urine that's in the tank

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can sit for a few days up to a few weeks

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before it's processed and so

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um

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you know the pre-treatment does its work

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really in that tank and then

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from there it feeds into our distiller

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that actually removes the water from the

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urine

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uh hello there i'm jerry george and

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we're from the haas program and i would

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like to know what happens if someone has

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an infection that goes to their urine is

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it safe to drink and more specifically

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how do they figure out how to drink

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urine

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that's a good question

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so like i mentioned before

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the pre-treatment does an excellent job

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of preventing any microbial growth and

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so

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it pretty much kills everything that's

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in the urine

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we haven't had any issues in terms of

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pathogens making their way through the

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water recovery system so that chromic

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acid and that sulfuric acid does a

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really good job of killing any pathogens

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if you've ever seen erin brockovich

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the people in that movie who get sick

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they actually have hexavalent chromium

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in their water that's the stuff that we

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put in the urine to kill

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everything that could grow in that urine

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so as soon as it gets dosed with that

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pre-treatment

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any pathogens or any infections that

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might have been in there are essentially

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eliminated and so

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from that wastewater tank it goes into a

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distiller

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urine slightly to the point where you

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have water vapor that's produced and

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that vapor is actually what's extracted

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from the urine and condensed in a

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separate container and then from there

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it's not completely potable we still

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have a few more steps that are followed

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there are ion exchange beds that that

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water goes through

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and then we add a biocide just to make

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sure that once it is potable we still

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don't have any downstream contamination

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of that water and so that's that's the

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full series of events um

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to to remove any pathogens from the

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urine and to get it from

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wastewater to potable

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hi i'm colton and i'm from the the haas

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program and stepping away from urine for

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a second um if there's an emergency

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situation that requires astronauts to

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evacuate on the iss what are the

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procedures for them to follow

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um that's a really good question

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as part of their training actually here

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at jsc

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they do a lot of emergency evacuation

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00:10:12,870 --> 00:10:10,640
procedures and they have different

284
00:10:15,509 --> 00:10:12,880
procedures they follow depending on the

285
00:10:19,190 --> 00:10:15,519
type of emergency if they have a fire if

286
00:10:20,870 --> 00:10:19,200
they have a cabin leak things like that

287
00:10:22,870 --> 00:10:20,880
they practice that quite a bit here on

288
00:10:25,030 --> 00:10:22,880
the ground now the first thing they're

289
00:10:26,790 --> 00:10:25,040
going to try to do is recover the space

290
00:10:29,030 --> 00:10:26,800
station in the case of an emergency so

291
00:10:30,949 --> 00:10:29,040
that they don't have to evacuate but in

292
00:10:32,949 --> 00:10:30,959
the instance they do have to evacuate

293
00:10:34,230 --> 00:10:32,959
they do always have

294
00:10:37,190 --> 00:10:34,240
a lifeboat

295
00:10:38,870 --> 00:10:37,200
we call it so a soyuz spacecraft that's

296
00:10:40,790 --> 00:10:38,880
docked to the space station for them to

297
00:10:42,310 --> 00:10:40,800
get into and return to earth in case of

298
00:10:45,430 --> 00:10:42,320
an emergency

299
00:10:48,230 --> 00:10:45,440
very good and also they do periodically

300
00:10:50,470 --> 00:10:48,240
while they're on board they uh they also

301
00:10:52,949 --> 00:10:50,480
participate in onboard training so they

302
00:10:55,750 --> 00:10:52,959
can maintain that proficiency and their

303
00:10:56,470 --> 00:10:55,760
skills and be ready for if an emergency

304
00:10:58,829 --> 00:10:56,480
were

305
00:11:01,750 --> 00:10:58,839
to occur good

306
00:11:04,230 --> 00:11:01,760
question hi my name is deanna and i'm

307
00:11:06,150 --> 00:11:04,240
with the haas program and my question is

308
00:11:08,230 --> 00:11:06,160
what are you currently doing to improve

309
00:11:10,310 --> 00:11:08,240
the efficiency rate of the

310
00:11:13,030 --> 00:11:10,320
urine recycling system

311
00:11:14,790 --> 00:11:13,040
that's a really good question too

312
00:11:15,990 --> 00:11:14,800
we actually have a project going on

313
00:11:18,630 --> 00:11:16,000
right now

314
00:11:21,110 --> 00:11:18,640
um to help increase the water recovery

315
00:11:23,110 --> 00:11:21,120
rate on the space station up to 85

316
00:11:25,350 --> 00:11:23,120
percent originally we were planning to

317
00:11:27,750 --> 00:11:25,360
start out with 85 but what actually

318
00:11:30,389 --> 00:11:27,760
happened was the astronauts urine had a

319
00:11:33,350 --> 00:11:30,399
lot more calcium than we expected and so

320
00:11:35,590 --> 00:11:33,360
that calcium combined with the sulfate

321
00:11:37,269 --> 00:11:35,600
from our sulfuric acid pre-treatment and

322
00:11:39,509 --> 00:11:37,279
actually precipitated out in our

323
00:11:42,550 --> 00:11:39,519
distiller and

324
00:11:44,069 --> 00:11:42,560
that precipitate is called gypsum and

325
00:11:46,630 --> 00:11:44,079
it's the same stuff you have in like

326
00:11:48,790 --> 00:11:46,640
drywall for instance so everybody's seen

327
00:11:49,910 --> 00:11:48,800
gypsum

328
00:11:51,509 --> 00:11:49,920
and so

329
00:11:53,750 --> 00:11:51,519
one of the technologies actually several

330
00:11:57,030 --> 00:11:53,760
of the technologies we're looking at now

331
00:11:59,110 --> 00:11:57,040
are to either remove the calcium or

332
00:12:01,110 --> 00:11:59,120
replace that sulfuric acid with a

333
00:12:03,190 --> 00:12:01,120
different pre-treatment so that we don't

334
00:12:05,590 --> 00:12:03,200
have that precipitation problem

335
00:12:07,750 --> 00:12:05,600
we actually have two technologies one

336
00:12:09,590 --> 00:12:07,760
for calcium and one to kind of mitigate

337
00:12:11,590 --> 00:12:09,600
the sulfate that have both been

338
00:12:13,750 --> 00:12:11,600
demonstrated to work very well and allow

339
00:12:15,430 --> 00:12:13,760
us to get up to 85 percent

340
00:12:16,710 --> 00:12:15,440
the space station program is leaning

341
00:12:19,030 --> 00:12:16,720
towards the

342
00:12:20,230 --> 00:12:19,040
the alternative to the sulfate and so

343
00:12:22,150 --> 00:12:20,240
we're actually in the process of

344
00:12:23,590 --> 00:12:22,160
pursuing that for flight right now so

345
00:12:24,389 --> 00:12:23,600
we're hoping that within the next year

346
00:12:26,470 --> 00:12:24,399
or two

347
00:12:30,230 --> 00:12:26,480
we can get the space station from 75

348
00:12:34,470 --> 00:12:30,240
percent up to 85 percent water recovery

349
00:12:39,350 --> 00:12:36,389
hello my name is james kwon from haas

350
00:12:41,110 --> 00:12:39,360
program and you said the after

351
00:12:44,069 --> 00:12:41,120
filtration of urine which is eighty

352
00:12:46,870 --> 00:12:44,079
percent required recycled um what are

353
00:12:48,389 --> 00:12:46,880
they using the final twenty percent

354
00:12:50,389 --> 00:12:48,399
for

355
00:12:53,030 --> 00:12:50,399
that's a good question um so the

356
00:12:55,269 --> 00:12:53,040
remainder of what doesn't get removed

357
00:12:56,310 --> 00:12:55,279
from the urine is called a brine

358
00:12:59,509 --> 00:12:56,320
and

359
00:13:02,790 --> 00:12:59,519
right now that brine put it's put into

360
00:13:05,350 --> 00:13:02,800
brine storage containers and those are

361
00:13:07,509 --> 00:13:05,360
thrown in the trash we get rid of those

362
00:13:09,509 --> 00:13:07,519
but if you think about it there's a lot

363
00:13:11,030 --> 00:13:09,519
of water in that brain that we could get

364
00:13:13,990 --> 00:13:11,040
and so one of the active areas of

365
00:13:16,230 --> 00:13:14,000
research in my group is called brine

366
00:13:18,230 --> 00:13:16,240
water recovery which is looking at

367
00:13:19,110 --> 00:13:18,240
different ways to extract water from the

368
00:13:20,949 --> 00:13:19,120
brine

369
00:13:23,670 --> 00:13:20,959
and the reason that

370
00:13:26,470 --> 00:13:23,680
is a unique challenge

371
00:13:29,670 --> 00:13:26,480
is because once you go past you know

372
00:13:32,069 --> 00:13:29,680
80 85 percent water recovery you start

373
00:13:34,069 --> 00:13:32,079
precipitating solids out

374
00:13:35,910 --> 00:13:34,079
even with some of these new technologies

375
00:13:37,829 --> 00:13:35,920
like i just mentioned you still are

376
00:13:39,910 --> 00:13:37,839
going to precipitate at some point and

377
00:13:41,990 --> 00:13:39,920
so with this brine water recovery

378
00:13:43,829 --> 00:13:42,000
technology uh we have to specifically

379
00:13:46,389 --> 00:13:43,839
design it to be tolerant to solids

380
00:13:49,110 --> 00:13:46,399
formation and so we're hoping that we

381
00:13:51,269 --> 00:13:49,120
can extract the remaining water from

382
00:13:53,829 --> 00:13:51,279
that to continue to close the water loop

383
00:13:55,509 --> 00:13:53,839
and hopefully get to you know in the 90s

384
00:13:56,790 --> 00:13:55,519
or even higher

385
00:13:58,550 --> 00:13:56,800
you know full

386
00:14:02,470 --> 00:13:58,560
loop closure

387
00:14:04,230 --> 00:14:02,480
for future spacecraft beyond iss

388
00:14:08,550 --> 00:14:04,240
okay thank you

389
00:14:11,110 --> 00:14:10,150
hi my name is katie from the haas

390
00:14:13,030 --> 00:14:11,120
program

391
00:14:15,509 --> 00:14:13,040
and we were wondering what's done with

392
00:14:18,470 --> 00:14:15,519
the waste that cannot be recycled and

393
00:14:21,829 --> 00:14:18,480
how is it transported back to earth

394
00:14:24,150 --> 00:14:21,839
so um a lot of the brine that actually

395
00:14:26,550 --> 00:14:24,160
gets generated like i said before gets

396
00:14:27,829 --> 00:14:26,560
thrown in the trash and so

397
00:14:29,269 --> 00:14:27,839
a lot of that gets burned up in the

398
00:14:31,829 --> 00:14:29,279
atmosphere

399
00:14:34,310 --> 00:14:31,839
we do bring back samples of that brine

400
00:14:36,949 --> 00:14:34,320
to actually analyze to see what is left

401
00:14:38,550 --> 00:14:36,959
over after we've removed water

402
00:14:41,189 --> 00:14:38,560
from the urine

403
00:14:42,629 --> 00:14:41,199
and so one thing we've done as engineers

404
00:14:45,670 --> 00:14:42,639
is look at some of the chemical data of

405
00:14:48,389 --> 00:14:45,680
that brine and use that to design our

406
00:14:51,430 --> 00:14:48,399
hardware so astronaut urine is a lot

407
00:14:52,790 --> 00:14:51,440
more concentrated in general than

408
00:14:53,670 --> 00:14:52,800
the urine that we have here on the

409
00:14:55,590 --> 00:14:53,680
ground

410
00:14:57,509 --> 00:14:55,600
and so we'll actually collect urine for

411
00:14:59,670 --> 00:14:57,519
our testing and we'll add chemicals to

412
00:15:01,829 --> 00:14:59,680
it to make it mimic

413
00:15:03,670 --> 00:15:01,839
the concentrations that you would see on

414
00:15:05,350 --> 00:15:03,680
orbit and so

415
00:15:07,350 --> 00:15:05,360
those brine samples really help us with

416
00:15:09,670 --> 00:15:07,360
that and they also help us especially

417
00:15:11,430 --> 00:15:09,680
with testing that brine water recovery

418
00:15:12,870 --> 00:15:11,440
hardware i talked about

419
00:15:14,629 --> 00:15:12,880
so hopefully we'll get to the point

420
00:15:16,470 --> 00:15:14,639
where

421
00:15:18,470 --> 00:15:16,480
we can actually recycle the water from

422
00:15:21,750 --> 00:15:18,480
the brine as well but right now we throw

423
00:15:21,760 --> 00:15:26,069
thank you

424
00:15:29,430 --> 00:15:27,750
hi my name is brandy poycher from the

425
00:15:31,030 --> 00:15:29,440
psti program

426
00:15:35,269 --> 00:15:31,040
and i want to know are there any major

427
00:15:40,629 --> 00:15:37,829
there are some differences

428
00:15:42,069 --> 00:15:40,639
like i mentioned before the urine that's

429
00:15:43,749 --> 00:15:42,079
in space we've noticed is more

430
00:15:44,949 --> 00:15:43,759
concentrated than what we have here on

431
00:15:46,470 --> 00:15:44,959
the ground

432
00:15:48,069 --> 00:15:46,480
and the reason for that is when you go

433
00:15:49,910 --> 00:15:48,079
into space

434
00:15:52,150 --> 00:15:49,920
the fluids in your body get

435
00:15:53,749 --> 00:15:52,160
redistributed because here on earth the

436
00:15:55,829 --> 00:15:53,759
fluids are kind of drawn toward your

437
00:15:57,829 --> 00:15:55,839
feet because of gravity in space we

438
00:16:00,150 --> 00:15:57,839
don't have that and so the fluids kind

439
00:16:01,749 --> 00:16:00,160
of go up into your head and so when

440
00:16:03,110 --> 00:16:01,759
astronauts first get on orbit you can

441
00:16:04,470 --> 00:16:03,120
actually see that their faces are very

442
00:16:06,150 --> 00:16:04,480
puffy

443
00:16:08,389 --> 00:16:06,160
and so what happens in that case is

444
00:16:10,710 --> 00:16:08,399
their brain interprets that as no i have

445
00:16:13,030 --> 00:16:10,720
way too much fluid altogether i need to

446
00:16:15,030 --> 00:16:13,040
get rid of it so

447
00:16:16,230 --> 00:16:15,040
that causes the astronauts to urinate a

448
00:16:17,990 --> 00:16:16,240
lot more

449
00:16:21,350 --> 00:16:18,000
well that can actually cause the

450
00:16:22,710 --> 00:16:21,360
astronauts to get dehydrated and so

451
00:16:24,310 --> 00:16:22,720
you know they're very careful in terms

452
00:16:25,430 --> 00:16:24,320
of how much water they drink but we

453
00:16:27,670 --> 00:16:25,440
still see

454
00:16:29,430 --> 00:16:27,680
higher concentrations across the board

455
00:16:30,389 --> 00:16:29,440
of you know calcium like i mentioned

456
00:16:32,949 --> 00:16:30,399
before

457
00:16:34,949 --> 00:16:32,959
um all the different

458
00:16:37,269 --> 00:16:34,959
minerals and all the compounds you find

459
00:16:39,110 --> 00:16:37,279
in urine are higher concentrations and

460
00:16:40,870 --> 00:16:39,120
so when we test hardware here on the

461
00:16:42,389 --> 00:16:40,880
ground we have to take that into account

462
00:16:44,310 --> 00:16:42,399
to make sure that you know for things

463
00:16:46,790 --> 00:16:44,320
like calcium for instance we have the

464
00:16:49,350 --> 00:16:46,800
right amount to appropriately challenge

465
00:16:51,030 --> 00:16:49,360
our hardware

466
00:16:52,790 --> 00:16:51,040
thank you

467
00:16:56,949 --> 00:16:52,800
i think we have time for a few more

468
00:17:00,389 --> 00:16:58,790
uh hello my name is eric williams and

469
00:17:02,150 --> 00:17:00,399
i'm here with the haas program

470
00:17:03,910 --> 00:17:02,160
and my question was what are some of the

471
00:17:05,590 --> 00:17:03,920
challenges you've encountered in working

472
00:17:07,350 --> 00:17:05,600
with other nations

473
00:17:09,429 --> 00:17:07,360
for systems and stuff like this on the

474
00:17:10,710 --> 00:17:09,439
iss

475
00:17:12,789 --> 00:17:10,720
that's actually that's a really good

476
00:17:16,230 --> 00:17:12,799
question too

477
00:17:18,789 --> 00:17:16,240
our team personally doesn't work

478
00:17:20,549 --> 00:17:18,799
with international partners as much but

479
00:17:22,309 --> 00:17:20,559
we do work with the space station

480
00:17:24,309 --> 00:17:22,319
program a lot and the program kind of

481
00:17:26,870 --> 00:17:24,319
coordinates between all the different

482
00:17:29,190 --> 00:17:26,880
international partners and so

483
00:17:30,950 --> 00:17:29,200
the project that i mentioned with the

484
00:17:33,350 --> 00:17:30,960
precipitation issue in the water

485
00:17:34,870 --> 00:17:33,360
recycling system on iss

486
00:17:38,150 --> 00:17:34,880
is something that has to be worked

487
00:17:40,150 --> 00:17:38,160
between the us and russia

488
00:17:42,310 --> 00:17:40,160
and if we do end up replacing that

489
00:17:43,830 --> 00:17:42,320
sulfuric acid pre-treatment with

490
00:17:45,510 --> 00:17:43,840
something else

491
00:17:47,430 --> 00:17:45,520
we have to work that with the russians

492
00:17:48,950 --> 00:17:47,440
to make sure that when it gets installed

493
00:17:51,270 --> 00:17:48,960
in their system

494
00:17:52,070 --> 00:17:51,280
that their hardware is compatible with

495
00:17:55,830 --> 00:17:52,080
that

496
00:17:58,150 --> 00:17:55,840
appropriately sized and so on and so we

497
00:18:01,029 --> 00:17:58,160
have to work very closely with them and

498
00:18:02,870 --> 00:18:01,039
we have individuals on our team who have

499
00:18:04,390 --> 00:18:02,880
traveled to russia several times and we

500
00:18:06,710 --> 00:18:04,400
have a lot of telecons and a lot of

501
00:18:07,510 --> 00:18:06,720
meetings to talk to them to make sure

502
00:18:11,029 --> 00:18:07,520
that

503
00:18:13,430 --> 00:18:11,039
fly this to iss

504
00:18:15,029 --> 00:18:13,440
we don't have any issues so it can be a

505
00:18:16,630 --> 00:18:15,039
challenge but

506
00:18:18,150 --> 00:18:16,640
you know we all want to recycle more

507
00:18:21,430 --> 00:18:18,160
water on the space station so we're all

508
00:18:21,440 --> 00:18:25,510
thank you

509
00:18:29,590 --> 00:18:27,110
hi my name is thomas mckenna i'm here

510
00:18:32,630 --> 00:18:29,600
with psti and my question is does

511
00:18:36,630 --> 00:18:32,640
microgravity have an impact on ph levels

512
00:18:41,669 --> 00:18:39,430
the ph levels specifically we don't see

513
00:18:43,669 --> 00:18:41,679
a major difference between

514
00:18:44,789 --> 00:18:43,679
what's on orbit and what we see on the

515
00:18:46,710 --> 00:18:44,799
ground

516
00:18:48,870 --> 00:18:46,720
there's a pretty wide range it really

517
00:18:51,510 --> 00:18:48,880
depends on your diet depends on how much

518
00:18:53,510 --> 00:18:51,520
water you drink that kind of thing

519
00:18:55,270 --> 00:18:53,520
and so we have some people with

520
00:18:57,669 --> 00:18:55,280
fairly acidic urine

521
00:19:00,070 --> 00:18:57,679
like ph in the fives and then some

522
00:19:01,830 --> 00:19:00,080
people with higher ph you know into the

523
00:19:04,950 --> 00:19:01,840
mid 6

524
00:19:07,510 --> 00:19:04,960
you know 6.5 or so ph and so really what

525
00:19:09,350 --> 00:19:07,520
we've seen on orbit are ph's that fall

526
00:19:17,270 --> 00:19:09,360
into that range so it's nothing outside

527
00:19:21,270 --> 00:19:18,950
hi my name is chelsea weber and i'm here

528
00:19:22,950 --> 00:19:21,280
with the psti program and i have more of

529
00:19:24,789 --> 00:19:22,960
a general question

530
00:19:29,190 --> 00:19:24,799
is going to the restroom in space a

531
00:19:35,110 --> 00:19:32,310
um that's a really good question too

532
00:19:38,230 --> 00:19:35,120
i've personally never used the iss

533
00:19:39,830 --> 00:19:38,240
toilet so i can't speak firsthand

534
00:19:42,390 --> 00:19:39,840
but i have seen

535
00:19:44,470 --> 00:19:42,400
footage and i've heard from crew members

536
00:19:45,430 --> 00:19:44,480
that it can be a challenge

537
00:19:54,470 --> 00:19:45,440
the

538
00:19:56,950 --> 00:19:54,480
one um it's a it's you know maybe this

539
00:19:59,270 --> 00:19:56,960
about this big diameter um and so you

540
00:20:01,510 --> 00:19:59,280
have to have good aim

541
00:20:04,230 --> 00:20:01,520
uh there's a fan in there to to kind of

542
00:20:06,230 --> 00:20:04,240
help suction it in but um you know i've

543
00:20:08,630 --> 00:20:06,240
heard that it can be messy and so right

544
00:20:12,470 --> 00:20:08,640
next to the toilet they have actually a

545
00:20:14,630 --> 00:20:12,480
series of you know baby wipes um gloves

546
00:20:18,070 --> 00:20:14,640
that you can put on in case you

547
00:20:22,230 --> 00:20:19,510
lots of you know several different kinds

548
00:20:24,070 --> 00:20:22,240
of toilet paper that kind of thing um

549
00:20:25,909 --> 00:20:24,080
and so it can be a challenge but i've

550
00:20:27,029 --> 00:20:25,919
heard that once you get to once you get

551
00:20:29,830 --> 00:20:27,039
used to it and once you get the

552
00:20:31,830 --> 00:20:29,840
technique down it's not too bad

553
00:20:34,149 --> 00:20:31,840
okay thank you people want to know about

554
00:20:37,350 --> 00:20:34,159
the lmnop

555
00:20:40,149 --> 00:20:37,360
good question do we have another one

556
00:20:41,909 --> 00:20:40,159
uh yes i'm katie schneider with haas and

557
00:20:43,350 --> 00:20:41,919
i'd like to know how much education and

558
00:20:45,270 --> 00:20:43,360
training did you go through to get your

559
00:20:47,830 --> 00:20:45,280
position

560
00:20:49,590 --> 00:20:47,840
um so i actually

561
00:20:51,510 --> 00:20:49,600
i have two degrees i have one in

562
00:20:54,230 --> 00:20:51,520
aerospace engineering and another degree

563
00:20:55,990 --> 00:20:54,240
in geology

564
00:20:58,789 --> 00:20:56,000
those aren't directly applicable to what

565
00:21:00,310 --> 00:20:58,799
i do but it's really the problem solving

566
00:21:02,470 --> 00:21:00,320
mindset

567
00:21:04,789 --> 00:21:02,480
and the background knowledge in

568
00:21:06,789 --> 00:21:04,799
engineering principles in chemistry and

569
00:21:09,669 --> 00:21:06,799
physics that have really helped me with

570
00:21:11,830 --> 00:21:09,679
my job so if you look at the entire

571
00:21:13,990 --> 00:21:11,840
water recovery systems team

572
00:21:15,669 --> 00:21:14,000
we have civil engineers we have

573
00:21:16,870 --> 00:21:15,679
mechanical engineers electrical

574
00:21:18,950 --> 00:21:16,880
engineers

575
00:21:20,669 --> 00:21:18,960
we also have several chemists

576
00:21:23,750 --> 00:21:20,679
that work in the lab with us we have a

577
00:21:26,310 --> 00:21:23,760
microbiologist who helps us for instance

578
00:21:28,470 --> 00:21:26,320
where when we're evaluating

579
00:21:29,750 --> 00:21:28,480
whether pre-treatment is working or not

580
00:21:31,830 --> 00:21:29,760
they're able to actually plate those

581
00:21:34,149 --> 00:21:31,840
samples out on petri dishes and see

582
00:21:35,350 --> 00:21:34,159
what's growing and how much

583
00:21:36,789 --> 00:21:35,360
and so

584
00:21:39,909 --> 00:21:36,799
you know pretty much any kind of

585
00:21:43,029 --> 00:21:39,919
engineering or science discipline

586
00:21:44,630 --> 00:21:43,039
would get someone to this position

587
00:21:46,390 --> 00:21:44,640
to be able to do this kind of work but

588
00:21:49,510 --> 00:21:46,400
for me personally i did aerospace

589
00:21:53,270 --> 00:21:49,520
engineering and geology

590
00:21:56,230 --> 00:21:55,430
hi my name is katrina catron similar to

591
00:21:57,750 --> 00:21:56,240
that

592
00:21:59,350 --> 00:21:57,760
how did you get into this profession

593
00:22:00,470 --> 00:21:59,360
because i know maybe at like five years

594
00:22:02,870 --> 00:22:00,480
old you didn't know you're going to be a

595
00:22:04,789 --> 00:22:02,880
urine specialist so how did you how was

596
00:22:06,950 --> 00:22:04,799
the process of that

597
00:22:11,029 --> 00:22:06,960
um

598
00:22:13,110 --> 00:22:11,039
been interested in space since i was a

599
00:22:14,710 --> 00:22:13,120
kid space travel has always been

600
00:22:16,950 --> 00:22:14,720
fascinating to me

601
00:22:20,310 --> 00:22:16,960
as i got older though

602
00:22:23,430 --> 00:22:20,320
it became more of a question of survival

603
00:22:26,870 --> 00:22:23,440
and what can we do to make sure our

604
00:22:28,630 --> 00:22:26,880
species is around long term and so

605
00:22:31,830 --> 00:22:28,640
uh going through school i started

606
00:22:34,549 --> 00:22:31,840
thinking about human space flight and

607
00:22:36,870 --> 00:22:34,559
the fact that we have to set up habitats

608
00:22:38,549 --> 00:22:36,880
on the moon and on mars and

609
00:22:40,630 --> 00:22:38,559
like we have on the space station right

610
00:22:43,350 --> 00:22:40,640
now we need

611
00:22:45,750 --> 00:22:43,360
permanent habitats in space if we're

612
00:22:47,110 --> 00:22:45,760
going to continue as a species

613
00:22:49,909 --> 00:22:47,120
and so

614
00:22:51,590 --> 00:22:49,919
that actually drove me towards

615
00:22:53,510 --> 00:22:51,600
spacecraft engineering so i did

616
00:22:56,470 --> 00:22:53,520
aerospace engineering

617
00:22:59,669 --> 00:22:56,480
initially and i added geology after that

618
00:23:02,070 --> 00:22:59,679
i found out about a program called the

619
00:23:03,270 --> 00:23:02,080
cooperative education program

620
00:23:05,510 --> 00:23:03,280
at least that's what it was called at

621
00:23:07,029 --> 00:23:05,520
the time

622
00:23:08,789 --> 00:23:07,039
and that actually allows students who

623
00:23:10,789 --> 00:23:08,799
are in college to come and work

624
00:23:13,350 --> 00:23:10,799
full-time

625
00:23:16,549 --> 00:23:13,360
at a nasa center and so i had the

626
00:23:19,190 --> 00:23:16,559
opportunity to come to jsc

627
00:23:21,990 --> 00:23:19,200
and i learned about a group called the

628
00:23:23,750 --> 00:23:22,000
crew and thermal systems division and

629
00:23:26,710 --> 00:23:23,760
this is a group within engineering that

630
00:23:28,390 --> 00:23:26,720
just focuses on they have thermal you

631
00:23:29,350 --> 00:23:28,400
know thermal control as well which is

632
00:23:31,190 --> 00:23:29,360
cool

633
00:23:33,110 --> 00:23:31,200
but i really like the crew side and how

634
00:23:35,190 --> 00:23:33,120
do we keep people alive in space because

635
00:23:37,110 --> 00:23:35,200
to me that comes back to that survival

636
00:23:39,029 --> 00:23:37,120
question of you know

637
00:23:40,710 --> 00:23:39,039
how do we continue the species and how

638
00:23:43,830 --> 00:23:40,720
do we keep ourselves around for a long

639
00:23:46,310 --> 00:23:43,840
time and so within that crew aspect

640
00:23:48,549 --> 00:23:46,320
there are a number of different groups

641
00:23:50,870 --> 00:23:48,559
people that work on atmosphere

642
00:23:53,430 --> 00:23:50,880
revitalization so recycling the air on

643
00:23:55,510 --> 00:23:53,440
the spacecraft people who work on

644
00:23:57,190 --> 00:23:55,520
habitability so the people who actually

645
00:23:59,190 --> 00:23:57,200
designed the toilet

646
00:24:01,110 --> 00:23:59,200
they designed the galley and so on on

647
00:24:03,430 --> 00:24:01,120
the space station

648
00:24:05,909 --> 00:24:03,440
and then also the water recycling team

649
00:24:07,830 --> 00:24:05,919
and so i was able to kind of work my way

650
00:24:09,990 --> 00:24:07,840
in there and they had an opening on the

651
00:24:12,549 --> 00:24:10,000
water team and so i was able to come on

652
00:24:14,470 --> 00:24:12,559
board and start with them so

653
00:24:16,549 --> 00:24:14,480
that working

654
00:24:18,310 --> 00:24:16,559
full-time at jsc as a student really

655
00:24:20,390 --> 00:24:18,320
helped me to kind of pinpoint what area

656
00:24:22,549 --> 00:24:20,400
i wanted to go in

657
00:24:24,870 --> 00:24:22,559
excellent excellent question and

658
00:24:26,630 --> 00:24:24,880
excellent answer thank you very much for

659
00:24:28,390 --> 00:24:26,640
coming out and talk i think that's all

660
00:24:30,230 --> 00:24:28,400
the time that we have

661
00:24:31,909 --> 00:24:30,240
um guys

662
00:24:33,909 --> 00:24:31,919
thank you for uh coming in and thanks

663
00:24:35,590 --> 00:24:33,919
for the excellent questions